Showing posts with label Pseudepigrapha. Show all posts

Epistles of King Abgar and Jesus

According to Eusebius in his Ecclesiastical History, King Abgar V of Edessa, after hearing about the active ministry of Jesus, purportedly wrote a letter to Him requesting that He come and heal him, to which Jesus replied in kind. Whether real or forgeries, these letters were at one point housed at the Church of St. Mary of Blachernae in Constantinople and later at the Church of the Virgin of the Pharos. They were written probably no later than the 3rd century if forgeries, and between AD 30–33 if authentic.





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Didache

Didache, which means “Teaching,” is a very early Christian treatise purporting to have been written by the Twelve Apostles per the opening line. It is thought to have been written between AD 50 and 150. The document covers basic Christian principles of godly living, conversion, and ritual.





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Gospel of Thomas

The Gospel of Thomas is perhaps the most famous of the apocryphal Gospels. The extant version presents as a lengthy list of 114 “sayings” of Christ and bears a striking resemblance in places to the gnostic heresies. However, some scholars argue that the work is not explicitly gnostic or otherwise conveys a sort of primordial Gnosticism. While many scholars have argued for an early date for its composition in the 1st century AD, an increasing number of researchers have proposed a later date on the preponderance of evidence, perhaps in the mid-2nd century. Renowned biblical scholar Dr. Craig A. Evans notes that “[o]ver half of the New Testament writings are quoted, paralleled, or alluded to in Thomas . . . [unlike any other] Christian writing prior to AD 150.” As such, it was unlikely to have been written before or during the completion of the New Testament.





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3 Enoch

3 Enoch, also called Hebrew Enoch, The Revelation of Metatron, or The Book of the Palaces, was likely written in the 1st or 2nd century AD by either Ishmael ben Elisha ha-Kohen or Rabbi Yishmael ben Elisha. Its Jewish author has an otherworldly experience where he ascends into the heavens and beholds the glorified Enoch (Metatron). Metatron has become the heavenly scribe and among the highest-ranking angels.





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The Sibylline Oracles

The Pseudo-Sibylline Oracles (not to be confused with the now lost Sibylline oracles) are a collection of 12 books and additional fragments purporting to be the oracular utterances of the Sibyls of old—ancient Gentile prophetesses, primarily active in ancient Greece. While the extant oracles show extensive Judeo-Christian recension and invention, and are generally considered pseudepigraphal, it should be noted that some portions may reflect the original utterances, particularly portions of Book III attributed to an Erythraean Sibyl (at least one of whom was actually from Chaldea and a daughter of the historian Berossus), as well as portions of Books IV and V. As it was widely believed by writers in the early Church (e.g., Theophilus and Athenagoras) that the Sibyls prophesied of Christ, the extant oracles demonstrate the possibility that as the time of the Messiah drew near, His coming was foretold even among those outside of the Jewish nation. The first Sibyl was active at Delphi as early as the 11th century BC, and at their most active point there may have been as many as 10: a Persian, Libyan, Delphic, Cimmerian, Erythraean, Samian, Cumaean, Hellespontine, Phrygian, Tiburtine, Hebrew, Chaldean, and Egyptian. Unlike the plain language often found in the Bible’s poetry and prophecy, the oracles are often cryptic and unintelligible, requiring speculative interpretation. The books are numbered I–VIII and XI–XIV; Books IX and X are merely duplicated material from I–VIII, thus there are 12 books and not 14.





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Mors Pilati

The Mors Pilati, otherwise known as The Death of Pilate, Who Condemned Jesus, is a late medieval work. The narrative offers a far less ancient and alternative explanation for the death of Pontius Pilate.





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Vindicta Salvatoris

Vindicta Salvatoris (The Vengeance of the Savior) is a virulently anti-Jewish work, likely written in Latin in the 8th century. It is often included with the Acts of Pilate (Gospel of Nicodemus). The theology reflects medieval Roman Catholic and anti-Semitic sentiments and supersessionism. Differing from the Bible, which places the blame for Jesus’ death on Herod, Pontius Pilate, the Gentiles, and the Jews together (Acts 4:27)—a plan foreordained by God Himself for the salvation of all sinners who turn to God in faith (Acts 4:28; Jn. 3:14–18; 1 Jn. 2:2)—Vindicta Salvatoris places the blame collectively on the Jews and has been historically used to justify attacks on the Jewish people. It also contains numerous historical issues, compressing hundreds of years of history into a short span of time, including the reigns of Herod Archelaus, Tiberius Caesar, and Vespasian, as well as the conversion of the emperors to Christianity, which did not actually occur until the 4th century.





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Apocryphal Books > The Pilate Cycle > Vindicta Salvatoris


Paradosis Pilati

The Paradosis Pilati (“The Handing Over of Pilate”) is an account of Pilate being brought to Rome for judgment. While the earliest extant manuscripts are from the 12th century, it is speculated to date from the 4th or 5th centuries.





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Apocryphal Books > The Pilate Cycle > Paradosis Pilati


Correspondence of Pilate

The so-called Correspondence of Pilate includes likely pseudepigraphal letters to and from Pontius Pilate. It includes letters, probably quite late, purportedly from Herod to Pilate and Pilate to Herod. More significantly, the Report of Pontius Pilate, also called the Anaphora Pilati, is a likely pseudepigraphal letter from Pilate to Tiberius which describes Jesus’ execution and the aftermath. It may originate from the 4th century.





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Apocryphal Books > The Pilate Cycle > Correspondence of Pilate


Narrative of Joseph of Arimathea

The Narrative of Joseph of Arimathea is a medieval apocryphal text told from Joseph’s perspective, a wealthy and righteous man who secretly supported Jesus. It focuses heavily on the two robbers crucified with Jesus, particularly Demas, an invented name for the thief who was promised Paradise.





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Apocryphal Books > The Pilate Cycle > Narrative of Joseph of Arimathea


Acts of Pilate (a.k.a. Gospel of Nicodemus)

Also known as the Gospel of Nicodemus, the Acts of Pilate consists of three parts: a retelling of the trial, crucifixion, and subsequent resurrection of Christ, a fanciful story of Christ’s descent into Hades, and an occasionally appended pseudepigraphal letter from Pontius Pilate to Emperor Claudius. It is found primarily in Greek and Latin with the Latin recensions perhaps offering a more antique text. It is, in its most primordial form, likely a 4th-century work, although the appended letter may date to the 2nd century.





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Apocalypse of the Virgin

More commonly called the Apocalypse of the Virgin, the Revelation of the Virgin is a 4th-century work, existing manuscripts conflict in regard to the protagonist: some have the apostle Paul, and others have Mary in the role. It is likely that the Pauline apocalypse is older. The present translation comes from Ethiopic.





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Apocalypse of Stephen

Serving as an expansion to the biblical account of the martyr Stephen’s death, the Revelation or Apocalypse of Stephen was written some time before the 6th century. The final section, on Pilate, may be a later addition.





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Apocalypse of Thomas

Written between the 2nd and 4th centuries, the Revelation or Apocalypse of Thomas made popular the medieval list of supposed prophetic signs called Fifteen Signs before Doomsday. These signs were widely used in millenarian circles.





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Apocalypse of Peter

The Revelation or Apocalypse of Peter was listed in the Muratorian Canon among the two apocalypses (the other being the Revelation of John). It was also supported by Clement of Alexandria. The translation that follows comes from the Ethiopic text. A Greek fragment discovered at Akhmîm differs considerably (cf. chs. 2, 4), but seems less supported—the Ethiopic thought to be older. Two other small Greek fragments have been found (Bodleian and Rainer).





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Apocalypse of Zephaniah

The Revelation of Zephaniah (a.k.a. Apocalypse of Zephaniah), purporting to be additional words from the Old Testament prophet, was likely written between 100 BC and the late 2nd century AD, probably in the late 1st century AD. Fragment 1 is a quotation of the text made by Clement of Alexandria. Fragment 2 is from a Coptic manuscript from the 5th century. Fragment 3, the longest, and also Coptic, was found on papyri from the 4th century.





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Apocalypse of Elijah

The Revelation of Elijah, commonly called the Apocalypse of Elijah or Apocalypse of Elias, may have been written in the 1st or 2nd century AD, and some speculate Paul briefly quoted from the work in 1 Corinthians 2:9 and Ephesians 5:14, although the Ephesians reference is unlikely and the 1 Corinthians 2:9 reference would require the Revelation of Elijah to be pre-Pauline, which may also be unlikely. The text may, however, have a more primordial core of material, with other parts added in later, including an account of the Antichrist and the two witnesses (identified in the book as Elijah and Enoch).





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Apocalypse of Abraham

The Apocalypse or Revelation of Abraham—“apocalypse” meaning a “revelation,” “unveiling,” or, even more literally, “an uncovering”—was written fairly early in the current era, possibly between AD 70 and 150. The narrative includes a history of Abraham in his father’s house and his conversion to monotheism. That section is followed by a prophetic vision and an account of his journey through the heavens.





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Acts of Xanthippe, Polyxena, and Rebecca

The Acts of Xanthippe, Polyxena, and Rebecca is a New Testament apocryphal text, estimated to date from the 3rd or 4th century AD. Set during Nero’s reign, it comprises two main stories: Xanthippe’s spiritual awakening after hearing of Paul’s teachings in Spain, and her sister Polyxena’s adventurous quest for baptism. Polyxena faces abductions, miraculous rescues by apostles like Peter and Philip, and a lioness guiding her to baptism alongside Rebecca, a minor Jewish slave character. Reflecting Greek romance influences, the narrative emphasizes faith, chastity, and divine intervention, culminating in their return to Spain and reunion with Paul.





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Apocryphal Books > Apocryphal and Pseudepigraphal Acts > Acts of Xanthippe, Polyxena, and Rebecca


Acts of Barnabas

A pseudepigraphal work of the 5th century designed to strengthen the claim of the Church of Cyprus to apostolic authority, the Acts of Barnabas is a relatively short work that details the travels of Barnabas and Paul from the perspective of John Mark.





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